Tracheostomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of International Perioperative Care Protocols and Practices in 26 Countries.
Identifieur interne : 000190 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000189; suivant : 000191Tracheostomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of International Perioperative Care Protocols and Practices in 26 Countries.
Auteurs : Carol Bier-Laning [États-Unis] ; John D. Cramer [États-Unis] ; Soham Roy [États-Unis] ; Patrick A. Palmieri [Pérou] ; Ayman Amin [Égypte] ; José Manuel A On [Espagne] ; Cesar A. Bonilla-Asalde [Pérou] ; Patrick J. Bradley [Royaume-Uni] ; Pankaj Chaturvedi [Inde] ; David M. Cognetti [États-Unis] ; Fernando Dias [Brésil] ; Arianna Di Stadio [Italie] ; Johannes J. Fagan [Afrique du Sud] ; David J. Feller-Kopman [États-Unis] ; Sheng-Po Hao ; Kwang Hyun Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Petri Koivunen [Finlande] ; Woei Shyang Loh [Singapour] ; Jobran Mansour [Israël] ; Matthew R. Naunheim [États-Unis] ; Marcus J. Schultz [Pays-Bas, Thaïlande, Royaume-Uni] ; You Shang [République populaire de Chine] ; Davud B. Sirjani [États-Unis] ; Maie A. St John [États-Unis] ; Joshua K. Tay [Singapour] ; Sébastien Vergez [France] ; Heather M. Weinreich [États-Unis] ; Eddy W Y. Wong [Hong Kong] ; Johannes Zenk [Allemagne] ; Christopher H. Rassekh [États-Unis] ; Michael J. Brenner [États-Unis]Source :
- Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [ 1097-6817 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global surge in critically ill patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, some of whom may benefit from tracheostomy. Decisions on if, when, and how to perform tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19 have major implications for patients, clinicians, and hospitals. We investigated the tracheostomy protocols and practices that institutions around the world have put into place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
DATA SOURCES
Protocols for tracheostomy in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection from individual institutions (n = 59) were obtained from the United States and 25 other countries, including data from several low- and middle-income countries, 23 published or society-endorsed protocols, and 36 institutional protocols.
REVIEW METHODS
The comparative document analysis involved cross-sectional review of institutional protocols and practices. Data sources were analyzed for timing of tracheostomy, contraindications, preoperative testing, personal protective equipment (PPE), surgical technique, and postoperative management.
CONCLUSIONS
Timing of tracheostomy varied from 3 to >21 days, with over 90% of protocols recommending 14 days of intubation prior to tracheostomy. Most protocols advocate delaying tracheostomy until COVID-19 testing was negative. All protocols involved use of N95 or higher PPE. Both open and percutaneous techniques were reported. Timing of tracheostomy changes ranged from 5 to >30 days postoperatively, sometimes contingent on negative COVID-19 test results.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Wide variation exists in tracheostomy protocols, reflecting geographical variation, different resource constraints, and limited data to drive evidence-based care standards. Findings presented herein may provide reference points and a framework for evolving care standards.
DOI: 10.1177/0194599820961985
PubMed: 33138722
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Allemagne, Brésil, Corée du Sud, Espagne, Finlande, France, Hong Kong, Inde, Israël, Italie, Pays-Bas, Pérou, Royaume-Uni, République populaire de Chine, Singapour, Thaïlande, Égypte, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Bavière, Californie, Caroline du Nord, Communauté de Madrid, District de Souabe, Hollande-Septentrionale, Hubei, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Midi-Pyrénées, Nottinghamshire, Occitanie (région administrative), Oxfordshire, Pennsylvanie, Région capitale de Séoul, Texas, État de Rio de Janeiro
- Amsterdam, Augsbourg, Madrid, Nottingham, Oxford, Philadelphie, Rio de Janeiro, Sha Tin, Séoul, Toulouse, Wuhan
- Université chinoise de Hong Kong, Université d'Oxford, Université de Nottingham, Université nationale de Singapour
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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Cramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Soham" sort="Roy, Soham" uniqKey="Roy S" first="Soham" last="Roy">Soham Roy</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmieri, Patrick A" sort="Palmieri, Patrick A" uniqKey="Palmieri P" first="Patrick A" last="Palmieri">Patrick A. 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Bonilla-Asalde</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Lima, Perú.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, Patrick J" sort="Bradley, Patrick J" uniqKey="Bradley P" first="Patrick J" last="Bradley">Patrick J. Bradley</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Nottingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Nottingham</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Nottinghamshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaturvedi, Pankaj" sort="Chaturvedi, Pankaj" uniqKey="Chaturvedi P" first="Pankaj" last="Chaturvedi">Pankaj Chaturvedi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Head & Neck Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Head & Neck Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mumbai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cognetti, David M" sort="Cognetti, David M" uniqKey="Cognetti D" first="David M" last="Cognetti">David M. Cognetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Philadelphie</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dias, Fernando" sort="Dias, Fernando" uniqKey="Dias F" first="Fernando" last="Dias">Fernando Dias</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Head and Neck Surgery Service, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Chairman, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Post-Graduation School of Medicine, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Head and Neck Surgery Service, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Chairman, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Post-Graduation School of Medicine, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement><region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Stadio, Arianna" sort="Di Stadio, Arianna" uniqKey="Di Stadio A" first="Arianna" last="Di Stadio">Arianna Di Stadio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Perugia, Perugia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Perugia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fagan, Johannes J" sort="Fagan, Johannes J" uniqKey="Fagan J" first="Johannes J" last="Fagan">Johannes J. Fagan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feller Kopman, David J" sort="Feller Kopman, David J" uniqKey="Feller Kopman D" first="David J" last="Feller-Kopman">David J. Feller-Kopman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology and Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology and Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hao, Sheng Po" sort="Hao, Sheng Po" uniqKey="Hao S" first="Sheng-Po" last="Hao">Sheng-Po Hao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Taipei</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University School of Medicine, New Taipei City.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">New Taipei City</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Kwang Hyun" sort="Kim, Kwang Hyun" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kwang Hyun" last="Kim">Kwang Hyun Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koivunen, Petri" sort="Koivunen, Petri" uniqKey="Koivunen P" first="Petri" last="Koivunen">Petri Koivunen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oulu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loh, Woei Shyang" sort="Loh, Woei Shyang" uniqKey="Loh W" first="Woei Shyang" last="Loh">Woei Shyang Loh</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mansour, Jobran" sort="Mansour, Jobran" uniqKey="Mansour J" first="Jobran" last="Mansour">Jobran Mansour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel Hashomer</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naunheim, Matthew R" sort="Naunheim, Matthew R" uniqKey="Naunheim M" first="Matthew R" last="Naunheim">Matthew R. Naunheim</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schultz, Marcus J" sort="Schultz, Marcus J" uniqKey="Schultz M" first="Marcus J" last="Schultz">Marcus J. Schultz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·CA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·CA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shang, You" sort="Shang, You" uniqKey="Shang Y" first="You" last="Shang">You Shang</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Wuhan</settlement><region type="région">Hubei</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirjani, Davud B" sort="Sirjani, Davud B" uniqKey="Sirjani D" first="Davud B" last="Sirjani">Davud B. Sirjani</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St John, Maie A" sort="St John, Maie A" uniqKey="St John M" first="Maie A" last="St John">Maie A. St John</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tay, Joshua K" sort="Tay, Joshua K" uniqKey="Tay J" first="Joshua K" last="Tay">Joshua K. Tay</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vergez, Sebastien" sort="Vergez, Sebastien" uniqKey="Vergez S" first="Sébastien" last="Vergez">Sébastien Vergez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Rangueil-Larrey, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Rangueil-Larrey, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weinreich, Heather M" sort="Weinreich, Heather M" uniqKey="Weinreich H" first="Heather M" last="Weinreich">Heather M. Weinreich</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Eddy W Y" sort="Wong, Eddy W Y" uniqKey="Wong E" first="Eddy W Y" last="Wong">Eddy W Y. Wong</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sha Tin</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université chinoise de Hong Kong</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zenk, Johannes" sort="Zenk, Johannes" uniqKey="Zenk J" first="Johannes" last="Zenk">Johannes Zenk</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Universitätsklinikum Augsburg Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Augsburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitätsklinikum Augsburg Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Augsburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Souabe</region><settlement type="city">Augsbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rassekh, Christopher H" sort="Rassekh, Christopher H" uniqKey="Rassekh C" first="Christopher H" last="Rassekh">Christopher H. Rassekh</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, Michael J" sort="Brenner, Michael J" uniqKey="Brenner M" first="Michael J" last="Brenner">Michael J. Brenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33138722</idno><idno type="pmid">33138722</idno><idno type="doi">10.1177/0194599820961985</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000197</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000197</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000197</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000197</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000197</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Tracheostomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of International Perioperative Care Protocols and Practices in 26 Countries.</title><author><name sortKey="Bier Laning, Carol" sort="Bier Laning, Carol" uniqKey="Bier Laning C" first="Carol" last="Bier-Laning">Carol Bier-Laning</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cramer, John D" sort="Cramer, John D" uniqKey="Cramer J" first="John D" last="Cramer">John D. Cramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Soham" sort="Roy, Soham" uniqKey="Roy S" first="Soham" last="Roy">Soham Roy</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmieri, Patrick A" sort="Palmieri, Patrick A" uniqKey="Palmieri P" first="Patrick A" last="Palmieri">Patrick A. Palmieri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>EBHC South America: A Joanna Briggs Affiliated Group, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>EBHC South America: A Joanna Briggs Affiliated Group, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Ayman" sort="Amin, Ayman" uniqKey="Amin A" first="Ayman" last="Amin">Ayman Amin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Head and Neck Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Head and Neck Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo University</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="A On, Jose Manuel" sort="A On, Jose Manuel" uniqKey="A On J" first="José Manuel" last="A On">José Manuel A On</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonilla Asalde, Cesar A" sort="Bonilla Asalde, Cesar A" uniqKey="Bonilla Asalde C" first="Cesar A" last="Bonilla-Asalde">Cesar A. Bonilla-Asalde</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Lima, Perú.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, Patrick J" sort="Bradley, Patrick J" uniqKey="Bradley P" first="Patrick J" last="Bradley">Patrick J. Bradley</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Nottingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Nottingham</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Nottinghamshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaturvedi, Pankaj" sort="Chaturvedi, Pankaj" uniqKey="Chaturvedi P" first="Pankaj" last="Chaturvedi">Pankaj Chaturvedi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Head & Neck Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Head & Neck Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mumbai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cognetti, David M" sort="Cognetti, David M" uniqKey="Cognetti D" first="David M" last="Cognetti">David M. Cognetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Philadelphie</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dias, Fernando" sort="Dias, Fernando" uniqKey="Dias F" first="Fernando" last="Dias">Fernando Dias</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Head and Neck Surgery Service, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Chairman, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Post-Graduation School of Medicine, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Head and Neck Surgery Service, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Chairman, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Post-Graduation School of Medicine, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement><region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Stadio, Arianna" sort="Di Stadio, Arianna" uniqKey="Di Stadio A" first="Arianna" last="Di Stadio">Arianna Di Stadio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Perugia, Perugia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Perugia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fagan, Johannes J" sort="Fagan, Johannes J" uniqKey="Fagan J" first="Johannes J" last="Fagan">Johannes J. Fagan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feller Kopman, David J" sort="Feller Kopman, David J" uniqKey="Feller Kopman D" first="David J" last="Feller-Kopman">David J. Feller-Kopman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology and Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology and Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hao, Sheng Po" sort="Hao, Sheng Po" uniqKey="Hao S" first="Sheng-Po" last="Hao">Sheng-Po Hao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Taipei</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University School of Medicine, New Taipei City.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">New Taipei City</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Kwang Hyun" sort="Kim, Kwang Hyun" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kwang Hyun" last="Kim">Kwang Hyun Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koivunen, Petri" sort="Koivunen, Petri" uniqKey="Koivunen P" first="Petri" last="Koivunen">Petri Koivunen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oulu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loh, Woei Shyang" sort="Loh, Woei Shyang" uniqKey="Loh W" first="Woei Shyang" last="Loh">Woei Shyang Loh</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mansour, Jobran" sort="Mansour, Jobran" uniqKey="Mansour J" first="Jobran" last="Mansour">Jobran Mansour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel Hashomer</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naunheim, Matthew R" sort="Naunheim, Matthew R" uniqKey="Naunheim M" first="Matthew R" last="Naunheim">Matthew R. Naunheim</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schultz, Marcus J" sort="Schultz, Marcus J" uniqKey="Schultz M" first="Marcus J" last="Schultz">Marcus J. Schultz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·CA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·CA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shang, You" sort="Shang, You" uniqKey="Shang Y" first="You" last="Shang">You Shang</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Wuhan</settlement><region type="région">Hubei</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirjani, Davud B" sort="Sirjani, Davud B" uniqKey="Sirjani D" first="Davud B" last="Sirjani">Davud B. Sirjani</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St John, Maie A" sort="St John, Maie A" uniqKey="St John M" first="Maie A" last="St John">Maie A. St John</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tay, Joshua K" sort="Tay, Joshua K" uniqKey="Tay J" first="Joshua K" last="Tay">Joshua K. Tay</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vergez, Sebastien" sort="Vergez, Sebastien" uniqKey="Vergez S" first="Sébastien" last="Vergez">Sébastien Vergez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Rangueil-Larrey, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Rangueil-Larrey, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weinreich, Heather M" sort="Weinreich, Heather M" uniqKey="Weinreich H" first="Heather M" last="Weinreich">Heather M. Weinreich</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Eddy W Y" sort="Wong, Eddy W Y" uniqKey="Wong E" first="Eddy W Y" last="Wong">Eddy W Y. Wong</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sha Tin</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université chinoise de Hong Kong</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zenk, Johannes" sort="Zenk, Johannes" uniqKey="Zenk J" first="Johannes" last="Zenk">Johannes Zenk</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Universitätsklinikum Augsburg Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Augsburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitätsklinikum Augsburg Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Augsburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Souabe</region><settlement type="city">Augsbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rassekh, Christopher H" sort="Rassekh, Christopher H" uniqKey="Rassekh C" first="Christopher H" last="Rassekh">Christopher H. Rassekh</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, Michael J" sort="Brenner, Michael J" uniqKey="Brenner M" first="Michael J" last="Brenner">Michael J. Brenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</title><idno type="eISSN">1097-6817</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global surge in critically ill patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, some of whom may benefit from tracheostomy. Decisions on if, when, and how to perform tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19 have major implications for patients, clinicians, and hospitals. We investigated the tracheostomy protocols and practices that institutions around the world have put into place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>DATA SOURCES</b></p><p>Protocols for tracheostomy in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection from individual institutions (n = 59) were obtained from the United States and 25 other countries, including data from several low- and middle-income countries, 23 published or society-endorsed protocols, and 36 institutional protocols.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>REVIEW METHODS</b></p><p>The comparative document analysis involved cross-sectional review of institutional protocols and practices. Data sources were analyzed for timing of tracheostomy, contraindications, preoperative testing, personal protective equipment (PPE), surgical technique, and postoperative management.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Timing of tracheostomy varied from 3 to >21 days, with over 90% of protocols recommending 14 days of intubation prior to tracheostomy. Most protocols advocate delaying tracheostomy until COVID-19 testing was negative. All protocols involved use of N95 or higher PPE. Both open and percutaneous techniques were reported. Timing of tracheostomy changes ranged from 5 to >30 days postoperatively, sometimes contingent on negative COVID-19 test results.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE</b></p><p>Wide variation exists in tracheostomy protocols, reflecting geographical variation, different resource constraints, and limited data to drive evidence-based care standards. Findings presented herein may provide reference points and a framework for evolving care standards.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33138722</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>03</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1097-6817</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>03</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Tracheostomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of International Perioperative Care Protocols and Practices in 26 Countries.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>194599820961985</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1177/0194599820961985</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global surge in critically ill patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, some of whom may benefit from tracheostomy. Decisions on if, when, and how to perform tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19 have major implications for patients, clinicians, and hospitals. We investigated the tracheostomy protocols and practices that institutions around the world have put into place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="DATA SOURCES" NlmCategory="METHODS">Protocols for tracheostomy in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection from individual institutions (n = 59) were obtained from the United States and 25 other countries, including data from several low- and middle-income countries, 23 published or society-endorsed protocols, and 36 institutional protocols.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="REVIEW METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">The comparative document analysis involved cross-sectional review of institutional protocols and practices. Data sources were analyzed for timing of tracheostomy, contraindications, preoperative testing, personal protective equipment (PPE), surgical technique, and postoperative management.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Timing of tracheostomy varied from 3 to >21 days, with over 90% of protocols recommending 14 days of intubation prior to tracheostomy. Most protocols advocate delaying tracheostomy until COVID-19 testing was negative. All protocols involved use of N95 or higher PPE. Both open and percutaneous techniques were reported. Timing of tracheostomy changes ranged from 5 to >30 days postoperatively, sometimes contingent on negative COVID-19 test results.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Wide variation exists in tracheostomy protocols, reflecting geographical variation, different resource constraints, and limited data to drive evidence-based care standards. Findings presented herein may provide reference points and a framework for evolving care standards.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bier-Laning</LastName><ForeName>Carol</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cramer</LastName><ForeName>John D</ForeName><Initials>JD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roy</LastName><ForeName>Soham</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Palmieri</LastName><ForeName>Patrick A</ForeName><Initials>PA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>EBHC South America: A Joanna Briggs Affiliated Group, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amin</LastName><ForeName>Ayman</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Head and Neck Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Añon</LastName><ForeName>José Manuel</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bonilla-Asalde</LastName><ForeName>Cesar A</ForeName><Initials>CA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Lima, Perú.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bradley</LastName><ForeName>Patrick J</ForeName><Initials>PJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chaturvedi</LastName><ForeName>Pankaj</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Head & Neck Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cognetti</LastName><ForeName>David M</ForeName><Initials>DM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dias</LastName><ForeName>Fernando</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Head and Neck Surgery Service, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Chairman, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Post-Graduation School of Medicine, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Di Stadio</LastName><ForeName>Arianna</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fagan</LastName><ForeName>Johannes J</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Feller-Kopman</LastName><ForeName>David J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology and Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hao</LastName><ForeName>Sheng-Po</ForeName><Initials>SP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University School of Medicine, New Taipei City.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName><ForeName>Kwang Hyun</ForeName><Initials>KH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koivunen</LastName><ForeName>Petri</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Loh</LastName><ForeName>Woei Shyang</ForeName><Initials>WS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mansour</LastName><ForeName>Jobran</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Naunheim</LastName><ForeName>Matthew R</ForeName><Initials>MR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schultz</LastName><ForeName>Marcus J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·CA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shang</LastName><ForeName>You</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sirjani</LastName><ForeName>Davud B</ForeName><Initials>DB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>St John</LastName><ForeName>Maie A</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tay</LastName><ForeName>Joshua K</ForeName><Initials>JK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vergez</LastName><ForeName>Sébastien</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Rangueil-Larrey, Toulouse, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Weinreich</LastName><ForeName>Heather M</ForeName><Initials>HM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wong</LastName><ForeName>Eddy W Y</ForeName><Initials>EWY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zenk</LastName><ForeName>Johannes</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universitätsklinikum Augsburg Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Augsburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rassekh</LastName><ForeName>Christopher H</ForeName><Initials>CH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brenner</LastName><ForeName>Michael J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>03</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8508176</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0194-5998</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">AGP</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">aerosol generating procedure</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ethics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">health care workers</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">infectivity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">intensive care</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">intensive care unit</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">novel coronavirus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">pandemic</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">patient safety</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">quality improvement</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">timing</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">tracheostomy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">tracheotomy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ventilator</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">weaning</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>31</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33138722</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1177/0194599820961985</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Allemagne</li><li>Brésil</li><li>Corée du Sud</li><li>Espagne</li><li>Finlande</li><li>France</li><li>Hong Kong</li><li>Inde</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Pérou</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>Singapour</li><li>Thaïlande</li><li>Égypte</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Bavière</li><li>Californie</li><li>Caroline du Nord</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>District de Souabe</li><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li><li>Hubei</li><li>Illinois</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Michigan</li><li>Midi-Pyrénées</li><li>Nottinghamshire</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Oxfordshire</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Région capitale de Séoul</li><li>Texas</li><li>État de Rio de Janeiro</li></region><settlement><li>Amsterdam</li><li>Augsbourg</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Nottingham</li><li>Oxford</li><li>Philadelphie</li><li>Rio de Janeiro</li><li>Sha Tin</li><li>Séoul</li><li>Toulouse</li><li>Wuhan</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université chinoise de Hong Kong</li><li>Université d'Oxford</li><li>Université de Nottingham</li><li>Université nationale de Singapour</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Hao, Sheng Po" sort="Hao, Sheng Po" uniqKey="Hao S" first="Sheng-Po" last="Hao">Sheng-Po Hao</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Illinois"><name sortKey="Bier Laning, Carol" sort="Bier Laning, Carol" uniqKey="Bier Laning C" first="Carol" last="Bier-Laning">Carol Bier-Laning</name></region><name sortKey="Brenner, Michael J" sort="Brenner, Michael J" uniqKey="Brenner M" first="Michael J" last="Brenner">Michael J. Brenner</name><name sortKey="Brenner, Michael J" sort="Brenner, Michael J" uniqKey="Brenner M" first="Michael J" last="Brenner">Michael J. Brenner</name><name sortKey="Cognetti, David M" sort="Cognetti, David M" uniqKey="Cognetti D" first="David M" last="Cognetti">David M. Cognetti</name><name sortKey="Cramer, John D" sort="Cramer, John D" uniqKey="Cramer J" first="John D" last="Cramer">John D. Cramer</name><name sortKey="Feller Kopman, David J" sort="Feller Kopman, David J" uniqKey="Feller Kopman D" first="David J" last="Feller-Kopman">David J. Feller-Kopman</name><name sortKey="Naunheim, Matthew R" sort="Naunheim, Matthew R" uniqKey="Naunheim M" first="Matthew R" last="Naunheim">Matthew R. Naunheim</name><name sortKey="Rassekh, Christopher H" sort="Rassekh, Christopher H" uniqKey="Rassekh C" first="Christopher H" last="Rassekh">Christopher H. Rassekh</name><name sortKey="Roy, Soham" sort="Roy, Soham" uniqKey="Roy S" first="Soham" last="Roy">Soham Roy</name><name sortKey="Sirjani, Davud B" sort="Sirjani, Davud B" uniqKey="Sirjani D" first="Davud B" last="Sirjani">Davud B. Sirjani</name><name sortKey="St John, Maie A" sort="St John, Maie A" uniqKey="St John M" first="Maie A" last="St John">Maie A. St John</name><name sortKey="St John, Maie A" sort="St John, Maie A" uniqKey="St John M" first="Maie A" last="St John">Maie A. St John</name><name sortKey="St John, Maie A" sort="St John, Maie A" uniqKey="St John M" first="Maie A" last="St John">Maie A. St John</name><name sortKey="Weinreich, Heather M" sort="Weinreich, Heather M" uniqKey="Weinreich H" first="Heather M" last="Weinreich">Heather M. Weinreich</name></country><country name="Pérou"><noRegion><name sortKey="Palmieri, Patrick A" sort="Palmieri, Patrick A" uniqKey="Palmieri P" first="Patrick A" last="Palmieri">Patrick A. Palmieri</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bonilla Asalde, Cesar A" sort="Bonilla Asalde, Cesar A" uniqKey="Bonilla Asalde C" first="Cesar A" last="Bonilla-Asalde">Cesar A. Bonilla-Asalde</name><name sortKey="Bonilla Asalde, Cesar A" sort="Bonilla Asalde, Cesar A" uniqKey="Bonilla Asalde C" first="Cesar A" last="Bonilla-Asalde">Cesar A. Bonilla-Asalde</name><name sortKey="Palmieri, Patrick A" sort="Palmieri, Patrick A" uniqKey="Palmieri P" first="Patrick A" last="Palmieri">Patrick A. Palmieri</name></country><country name="Égypte"><noRegion><name sortKey="Amin, Ayman" sort="Amin, Ayman" uniqKey="Amin A" first="Ayman" last="Amin">Ayman Amin</name></noRegion></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="A On, Jose Manuel" sort="A On, Jose Manuel" uniqKey="A On J" first="José Manuel" last="A On">José Manuel A On</name></region></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Bradley, Patrick J" sort="Bradley, Patrick J" uniqKey="Bradley P" first="Patrick J" last="Bradley">Patrick J. Bradley</name></region><name sortKey="Schultz, Marcus J" sort="Schultz, Marcus J" uniqKey="Schultz M" first="Marcus J" last="Schultz">Marcus J. 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Fagan</name></noRegion></country><country name="Corée du Sud"><region name="Région capitale de Séoul"><name sortKey="Kim, Kwang Hyun" sort="Kim, Kwang Hyun" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kwang Hyun" last="Kim">Kwang Hyun Kim</name></region></country><country name="Finlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Koivunen, Petri" sort="Koivunen, Petri" uniqKey="Koivunen P" first="Petri" last="Koivunen">Petri Koivunen</name></noRegion></country><country name="Singapour"><noRegion><name sortKey="Loh, Woei Shyang" sort="Loh, Woei Shyang" uniqKey="Loh W" first="Woei Shyang" last="Loh">Woei Shyang Loh</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Tay, Joshua K" sort="Tay, Joshua K" uniqKey="Tay J" first="Joshua K" last="Tay">Joshua K. Tay</name></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mansour, Jobran" sort="Mansour, Jobran" uniqKey="Mansour J" first="Jobran" last="Mansour">Jobran Mansour</name></noRegion></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Septentrionale"><name sortKey="Schultz, Marcus J" sort="Schultz, Marcus J" uniqKey="Schultz M" first="Marcus J" last="Schultz">Marcus J. Schultz</name></region></country><country name="Thaïlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Schultz, Marcus J" sort="Schultz, Marcus J" uniqKey="Schultz M" first="Marcus J" last="Schultz">Marcus J. Schultz</name></noRegion></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><region name="Hubei"><name sortKey="Shang, You" sort="Shang, You" uniqKey="Shang Y" first="You" last="Shang">You Shang</name></region></country><country name="France"><region name="Occitanie (région administrative)"><name sortKey="Vergez, Sebastien" sort="Vergez, Sebastien" uniqKey="Vergez S" first="Sébastien" last="Vergez">Sébastien Vergez</name></region></country><country name="Hong Kong"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wong, Eddy W Y" sort="Wong, Eddy W Y" uniqKey="Wong E" first="Eddy W Y" last="Wong">Eddy W Y. Wong</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bavière"><name sortKey="Zenk, Johannes" sort="Zenk, Johannes" uniqKey="Zenk J" first="Johannes" last="Zenk">Johannes Zenk</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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